• Li-Yun Xu, De-Jun Chen, Sha-Sha Wang, Lu Chen, Feng Qi, and Man-Man Liu.
• Department of Nephrology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, China.
• Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Jun 1; 98 (25): e16182.

RationaleIn recent years, central venous catheterization (CVC) has become widely used for hemodialysis patients. Based on 3 cases, we discussed the detection and management of venous perforation at an early stage.Patients ConcernsPatients 1 (male, 77 years), 2 (male, 82 years), and 3 (male, 30 years) were diagnosed with uremia and underwent hemodialysis.DiagnosesComputed tomography suggested pneumomediastinum in patient 1 and pneumothorax in patient 2 after a replacement of the temporary hemodialysis catheter. In patient 3, X-ray suggested that the tip of the catheter was approximately at the plane of the fifth thoracic vertebrate after the temporary catheter was placed.InterventionsIn patients 1 and 2, the catheters were maintained where they were for about 2 weeks until a false lumen formed outside the catheter. In patient 3, the catheter was withdrawn at once when vein perforation was observed.OutcomeIn patients 1 and 2, the catheters were adjusted successfully under digital subtraction angiography (DSA) guidance 2 weeks later. In patient 3, hemothorax developed, and a total of approximately 1000 mL of bloody fluid was drained.LessonsWhen venous perforation occurs during CVC, it is safer and more reliable to adjust or withdraw the catheter under DSA guidance after a false lumen forms outside the catheter.

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