• Jonathan Persitz, Ahmad Essa, NerEran BeitEBDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yitzhak Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel., Eran Assaraf, and Erez Avisar.
• Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery Unit, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yitzhak Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Electronic address: yonipersitz@gmail.com.
• Injury. 2022 Oct 1; 53 (10): 308830933088-3093.

ObjectivesFrostbite refers to the freezing of body tissue which is caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures and results in tissue destruction. Tissue damage is due to both immediate cold-induced cell death and the more gradual development of localized inflammatory processes and tissue ischemia. A detailed treatment plan based on the current UpToDate literature is needed to decrease morbidity and mortality rates.MethodsThe United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed/Medline), EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were systematically searched to identify publications relevant to this review.ConclusionIn this review, we present the current knowledge on the diagnosis and treatment of frostbite injuries. We then provide an extended and detailed treatment plan, from first aid in the field to treatment of short and long-term complications .Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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