• Katelin Hoskins, Kristin A Linn, Brian K Ahmedani, Jennifer M Boggs, Christina Johnson, Jonathan Heintz, Steven C Marcus, Isabelle Kaminer, Celeste Zabel, Leslie Wright, LeeAnn M Quintana, Alison M Buttenheim, Matthew F Daley, Marisa E Elias, Shari Jager-Hyman, Adina Lieberman, Jason Lyons, Melissa Maye, Bridget McArdle, Debra P Ritzwoller, Dylan S Small, Joslyn Westphal, Courtney Benjamin Wolk, Shiling Zhang, Rachel C Shelton, and Rinad S Beidas.
• School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: hoskinsk@nursing.upenn.edu.
• Prev Med. 2022 Dec 1; 165 (Pt A): 107281107281.

AbstractAttention to health equity is critical in the implementation of firearm safety efforts. We present our operationalization of equity-oriented recommendations in preparation for launch of a hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial focused on firearm safety promotion in pediatric primary care as a universal suicide prevention strategy. In Step 1 of our process, pre-trial engagement with clinican partners and literature review alerted us that delivery of a firearm safety program may vary by patients' medical complexity, race, and ethnicity. In Step 2, we selected the Health Equity Implementation Framework to inform our understanding of contextual determinants (i.e., barriers and facilitators). In Step 3, we leveraged an implementation pilot across 5 pediatric primary care clinics in 2 health system sites to study signals of inequities. Eligible well-child visits for 694 patients and 47 clinicians were included. Our results suggested that medical complexity was not associated with program delivery. We did see potential signals of inequities by race and ethnicity but must interpret with caution. Though we did not initially plan to examine differences by sex assigned at birth, we discovered that clinicians may be more likely to deliver the program to parents of male than female patients. Seven qualitative interviews with clinicians provided additional context. In Step 4, we interrogated equity considerations (e.g., why and how do these inequities exist). In Step 5, we will develop a plan to probe potential inequities related to race, ethnicity, and sex in the fully powered trial. Our process highlights that prospective, rigorous, exploratory work is vital for equity-informed implementation trials.Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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