• Yan-Ping Wen, Hai-Wei Xiao, Ju-Hua Yin, Hui-Ru Guo, Meng-Jun Shan, Li-Ping Shen, and Ling-Shuang Liu.
• Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
• Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Dec 2; 101 (48): e32076e32076.

RationaleImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been widely used in the treatment of various types of cancers worldwide, which is the most significant breakthrough in cancer therapy in recent years. Despite their excellent benefits in anti-tumor efficacy, a subset of patients will experience various autoimmune toxicities, termed as immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which can affect almost any organ systems, but related to the pulmonary and pancreatic islets simultaneously has rarely been reported and discussed.Patient ConcernsIn this report, we describe a rare case of a 65-year-old man patient with advanced small cell lung cancer (SCLC) who suffered general fatigue, dry cough, chest tightness, shortness of breath and polyuria-polydipsia syndrome after the eighth cycle treatment with programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitor durvalumab.DiagnosesAccording to the results of laboratory tests, chest computed tomography and multidisciplinary discussion, the patient was eventually diagnosed with ICI-related pneumonitis and autoimmune diabetes mellitus.InterventionsMultiple daily subcutaneous insulin injections, empirical anti-infection and immunosuppression treatment with corticosteroids were performed.OutcomesAfter the cessation of durvalumab and comprehensive treatment, the patient's respiratory condition was relieved significantly and his blood glucose was well controlled with insulin therapy.LessonsWith the widespread use of ICIs, there will be more patients developing these rare but severe irAEs in clinical practice, which should attract great attention of both clinicians and patients.Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

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