• Krisdiyanto0000-0002-6587-7343CPDM, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indo, Raja Ariffin Bin Raja Ghazilla, M Azuddin, Muhammad Khairi Faiz Bin Ahmad Hairuddin, Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun, Nurvita Risdiana, and Eki Afifuddin.
• CPDM, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
• Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Dec 9; 101 (49): e31812e31812.

AbstractA syringe is used to inject fluid or medicine into the patient's soft tissue. The main components of the syringe were the needle, barrel, and plunger. The use of syringes in the medical world is relatively high, and especially since the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of hypodermic syringes increased sharply due to vaccination. The syringe used must be effective and of good quality, so the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has published test procedures and minimum specifications for hypodermic syringes. The performance of the syringe can be observed from the dead space, force piston operation, water and air leakage, and fitting position of the plunger in the barrel. This review shows that most researchers use the weighing method to measure the dead space, although some use other methods. The researchers found that most of the products met the minimum specifications of the ISO, and that the dimensions and shape of the syringe affected the dead space. Researchers have not examined other performance measures recommended by the ISO. Researchers have focused more on force injection than force piston operation, leakage after injection or back spray than air and water leakage, and reduction the friction of the plunger without considering the fitting position of the plunger in the barrel.Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

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