• Kyoung Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Kyeong Jin Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, and Sin Gon Kim.
• Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
• J. Intern. Med. 2023 Jul 1; 294 (1): 839583-95.

BackgroundCurrent evidence regarding the mortality outcomes associated with calcium supplementation with or without low-dose vitamin D is conflicting.ObjectivesTo investigate the effects of calcium supplementation with or without vitamin D on all-cause and cause-specific mortalities in a large-scale cohort.MethodsThis study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance System database and National Death Registry. A total of 27,846 participants aged >55 years who had taken calcium supplements with or without vitamin D for at least 90 days (calcium supplementation only [CaO], n = 6256; calcium supplementation in combination with vitamin D [CaD], n = 21,590) were matched in a 1:1 ratio to those who did not take calcium or vitamin D supplements (control group) using propensity scores.ResultsNo difference in all-cause mortality risk was found between the CaO and control groups: (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.92-1.10). However, all-cause mortality was lower in the CaD group (HR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.80-0.89) compared with that in the control group. Mortality risk associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) was decreased in the CaD group when the daily vitamin D dose received was less than 1000 IU (HR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.64-0.81). Subgroup analysis showed significant effect of vitamin D with calcium in individuals who were female, aged ≥65 years or had previous history of cancer or CVD.ConclusionIn combination with calcium, vitamin D supplementation provides better outcomes for all-cause mortality, particularly CVD-associated mortality, in a duration-dependent manner.© 2023 The Association for the Publication of the Journal of Internal Medicine.

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