• Daniel Ballesteros-Herrera, Kaan Yagmurlu, Gerardo Y Guinto-Nishimura, Viviana Ramirez-Stubbe, Edgar Nathal-Vera, Matias Baldoncini, Valeria Forlizzi, Juan Luis Gomez-Amador, Sergio Moreno-Jiménez, Rafael Vázquez-Gregorio, Giotta LuciferoAliceADepartment of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy., Alvaro Campero, and Sabino Luzzi.
• Neurosurgery Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, MVS, Mexico City, Mexico.
• World Neurosurg. 2023 Jun 17.

BackgroundThree-dimensional (3D) neuroanatomical knowledge is vital in neurosurgery. Technological advances improved 3D anatomical perception, but they are usually expensive and not widely available. The aim of the present study was to provide a detailed description of the photo-stacking technique for high-resolution neuroanatomical photography and 3D modeling.MethodsThe photo-stacking technique was described in a step-by-step approach. The time for image acquisition, file conversion, processing, and final production was measured using 2 processing methods. The total number and file size of images are presented. Measures of central tendency and dispersion report the measured values.ResultsTen models were used in both methods achieving 20 models with high-definition images. The mean number of acquired images was 40.6 (14-67), image acquisition time 51.50 ± 18.8 s, file conversion time 250 ± 134.6 s, processing time 50.46 ± 21.46 s and 41.97 ± 20.84 s, and 3D reconstruction time was 4.29 ± 0.74 s and 3.89 ± 0.60 s for methods B and C, respectively. The mean file size of RAW files is 1010 ± 452 megabyte (MB) and 101.06 ± 38.09 MB for Joint Photographic Experts Group files after conversion. The mean size of the final image means size is 71.9 ± 0.126 MB, and the mean file size of the 3D model means is 37.4 ± 0.516 MB for both methods. The total equipment used was less expensive than other reported systems.ConclusionsThe photo-stacking technique is a simple and inexpensive method to create 3D models and high-definition images that could prove valuable in neuroanatomy training.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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