• Marco Giuseppe Del Buono, Aldo Bonaventura, Alessandra Vecchié, Francesco Moroni, Michele Golino, Edoardo Bressi, Roberto De Ponti, Francesco Dentali, Rocco Antonio Montone, Jordana Kron, Pietro Enea Lazzerini, Filippo Crea, and Antonio Abbate.
• Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
• Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 2024 Feb 1; 54 (2): e14110e14110.

BackgroundAn exuberant and dysregulated inflammatory response contributes to the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).MethodsThis narrative review includes original articles and reviews published over the past 20 years and found through PubMed. The following search terms (or combination of terms) were considered: "acute pericarditis," "recurrent pericarditis," "myocarditis," "cardiac sarcoidosis," "atherosclerosis," "acute myocardial infarction," "inflammation," "NLRP3 inflammasome," "Interleukin-1" and "treatment."ResultsRecent evidence supports the role of inflammation across a wide spectrum of CVDs including myocarditis, pericarditis, inflammatory cardiomyopathies (i.e. cardiac sarcoidosis) as well as atherosclerotic CVD and heart failure. Interleukins (ILs) are the signalling mediators of the inflammatory response. The NACHT, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin-domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome play a key role in producing IL-1β, the prototypical pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in CVDs. Other pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. tumour necrosis factor) have been implicated in cardiac sarcoidosis. As a proof of this, IL-1 blockade has been proven efficacious in pericarditis and chronic coronary syndrome.ConclusionTailored strategies aiming at quenching the inflammatory response have emerged as promising to treat CVDs. In this review article, we summarize recent evidence regarding the role of inflammation across a broad spectrum of CVDs. We also review novel evidence regarding targeted therapeutic strategies.© 2023 Stichting European Society for Clinical Investigation Journal Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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