• Ari S Coopersmith, Yash V Shroff, George A Wen, Michael H Berler, Paul A Gonzales, Feyisayo M Ojute, and Carter C Lebares.
• UCSF Center of Mindfulness in Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
• Ann. Surg. 2024 Jan 23.

ObjectiveTo review the evidence on mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) for surgeons.BackgroundHealthcare professionals have alarmingly high rates of burnout, yet little is known about psychological factors that support resilience. MBIs, which involve codified training in specific skills such as self-awareness, emotional regulation, and perspective-taking, have shown benefit to professionals in high stress environments, but have had limited implementation in the healthcare workplace and in surgery. To our knowledge, there has not been a scoping review of MBIs in surgery to date.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review of the evidence for the feasibility and effectiveness of MBIs for surgeons, including evidence on interventions that explicitly train mindfulness, which spans multiple cohorts and settings, utilizing different methodologies and outcome measures.ResultsThis scoping review yielded 24 studies, including two mixed method/qualitative studies, nine randomized control trials, three non-randomized interventional studies, and eight single-arm interventional studies.ConclusionsWe find that MBIs in surgery 1) are feasible in surgical contexts, with implementation science providing insights on sustainability; 2) increase mindfulness, 3) improve well-being in terms of burnout and both psychological and neurophysiological measures of stress, and 4) enhance performance as measured in executive function, surgical skills, and communication skills. These conclusions are supported by psychometric measures, observations of technical skills, and neurophysiological evidence. Future directions include studying MBIs in larger and more diverse populations, and iteratively tailoring mindfulness-based interventions to other healthcare contexts.Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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