• Xiaolin Wei, Joseph Paul Hicks, Zhitong Zhang, Victoria Haldane, Pande Pasang, Linhua Li, Tingting Yin, Bei Zhang, Yinlong Li, Qiuyu Pan, Xiaoqiu Liu, John Walley, and Jun Hu.
• Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Electronic address: xiaolin.wei@utoronto.ca.
• Lancet. 2024 Mar 9; 403 (10430): 913923913-923.

BackgroundWHO recommends that electronic medication monitors, a form of digital adherence technology, be used as a complement to directly observed treatment (DOT) for tuberculosis, as DOT is inconvenient and costly. However, existing evidence about the effectiveness of these monitors is inconclusive. Therefore, we evaluated the effectiveness of a comprehensive package based on electronic medication monitors among patients with tuberculosis in Tibet Autonomous Region (hereafter Tibet), China.MethodsThis multicentre, randomised controlled trial recruited patients from six counties in Shigatse, Tibet. Eligible participants had drug-susceptible tuberculosis and were aged 15 years or older when starting standard tuberculosis treatment. Tuberculosis doctors recruited patients from the public tuberculosis dispensary in each county and the study statistician randomly assigned them to the intervention or control group based on the predetermined randomised allocation sequence. Intervention patients received an electronic medication monitor box. The box included audio medication-adherence reminders and recorded box-opening data, which were transmitted to a cloud-based server and were accessible to health-care providers to allow remote adherence monitoring. A linked smartphone app enabled text, audio, and video communication between patients and health-care providers. Patients were also provided with a free data plan. Patients selected a treatment supporter (often a family member) who was trained to support patients with using the electronic medication monitor and app. Patients in the control group received usual care plus a deactivated electronic medication monitor, which only recorded and transmitted box-opening data that was not made available to health-care providers. The control group also had no access to the app or trained treatment supporters. The primary outcome was a binary indicator of poor monthly adherence, defined as missing 20% or more of planned doses in the treatment month, measured using electronic medication monitor opening data, and verified by counting used medication blister packages during consultations. We recorded other secondary treatment outcomes based on national tuberculosis reporting data. We analysed the primary outcome based on the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered at ISRCTN, 52132803.FindingsBetween Nov 17, 2018, and April 5, 2021, 278 patients were enrolled into the study. 143 patients were randomly assigned to the intervention group and 135 patients to the control group. Follow-up ended when the final patient completed treatment on Oct 4, 2021. In the intervention group, 87 (10%) of the 854 treatment months showed poor adherence compared with 290 (37%) of the 795 months in the control group. The corresponding adjusted risk difference for the intervention versus control was -29·2 percentage points (95% CI -35·3 to -22·2; p<0·0001). Five of the six secondary treatment outcomes also showed clear improvements, including treatment success, which was found for 133 (94%) of the 142 individuals in the intervention arm and 98 (73%) of the 134 individuals in the control arm, with an adjusted risk difference of 21 percentage points (95% CI 12·4-29·4); p<0·0001.InterpretationThe interventions were effective at improving tuberculosis treatment adherence and outcomes, and the trial suggests that a comprehensive package involving electronic medication monitors might positively affect tuberculosis programmes in high-burden and low-resource settings.FundingTB REACH.Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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