• Paolo Formenti, Francesca Ruzza, Giulia Pederzolli Giovanazzi, Giovanni Sabbatini, Andrea Galimberti, Miriam Gotti, Angelo Pezzi, and Michele Umbrello.
• SC Anestesia, Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva, ASST Nord Milano, Ospedale Bassini, Cinisello Balsamo 20097, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: paolo.formenti@asst-nordmilano.it.
• J Clin Anesth. 2024 Oct 1; 97: 111530111530.

AbstractThe ultrasound study of diaphragm function represents a valid method that has been extensively studied in recent decades in various fields, especially in intensive care, emergency, and pulmonology settings. Diaphragmatic function is pivotal in these contexts due to its crucial role in respiratory mechanics, ventilation support strategies, and overall patient respiratory outcomes. Dysfunction or weakness of the diaphragm can lead to respiratory failure, ventilatory insufficiency, and prolonged mechanical ventilation, making its assessment essential for patient management and prognosis in critical care and emergency medicine. While several studies have focused on diaphragmatic functionality in the context of intensive care, there has been limited attention within the field of anesthesia. The ultrasound aids in assessing diaphragmatic dysfunction (DD) by measuring muscle mass and contractility and their potential variations over time. Recent advancements in ultrasound imaging allow clinicians to evaluate diaphragm function and monitor it during mechanical ventilation more easily. In the context of anesthesia, early studies have shed light on the patho-physiological mechanisms of diaphragm function during general anesthesia. In contrast, more recent research has centered on evaluating diaphragmatic functionality at various phases of general anesthesia and by comparing diverse types of procedures or anatomical position during surgery. The objectives of this current review are to highlight the use of diaphragm ultrasound for the evaluation of diaphragmatic function during perioperative anesthesia and surgery. Specifically, we aim to examine the effects of anesthetic agents, surgical techniques, and anatomical positioning on diaphragmatic function. We explore how ultrasound aids in assessing DD by measuring muscle mass and contractility, as well as their potential variations over time. Additionally, we will discuss recent advancements in ultrasound imaging that allow clinicians to evaluate diaphragm function and monitor it during mechanical ventilation more easily.Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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