• Jianxun He, Qianling Meng, Chuhan Miao, Jing Hao, and Mengliang Dai.
• Department of Neurosurgery, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China.
• Postgrad Med J. 2024 Oct 14.

AbstractEpilepsy, a chronic neurological condition marked by recurrent, unprovoked seizures, involves complex pathophysiological mechanisms. Recent advancements have expanded our understanding from traditional neuronal dysfunction to include neuroimmune interactions and the influence of the brain-gut-bio-axis. This review explores the role of the S100b protein within these contexts, noted for its involvement in neuroinflammatory processes and as a potential biomarker. Furthermore, it discusses the emerging significance of the gut microbiome in modulating neuroimmune responses and seizure activity. The review integrates findings from recent studies, emphasizing the critical role of the S100b signalling pathway and the gut-brain axis in epilepsy pathology. The interplay between neuroimmune mechanisms and gut microbiota offers novel insights and potential therapeutic targets, underlining the need for further research to exploit these connections for clinical benefit.© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

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