• Bakr Ahmed Taha, Ali J Addie, Ali Q Saeed, Adawiya J Haider, Vishal Chaudhary, and Norhana Arsad.
• UKM-Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Malaysia. Electronic address: dra@ukm.edu.my.
• Neuroscience. 2024 Dec 6; 562: 106124106-124.

AbstractNeuroprobes that use nanostructured photonic interfaces are capable of multimodal sensing, stimulation, and imaging with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. In addition to electrical recording, optogenetic modulation, high-resolution optical imaging, and molecular sensing, these advanced probes combine nanophotonic waveguides, optical transducers, nanostructured electrodes, and biochemical sensors. The potential of this technology lies in unraveling the mysteries of neural coding principles, mapping functional connectivity in complex brain circuits, and developing new therapeutic interventions for neurological disorders. Nevertheless, achieving the full potential of nanostructured photonic neural probes requires overcoming challenges such as ensuring long-term biocompatibility, integrating nanoscale components at high density, and developing robust data-analysis pipelines. In this review, we summarize and discuss the role of photonics in neural probes, trends in electrode diameter for neural interface technologies, nanophotonic technologies using nanostructured materials, advances in nanofabrication photonics interface engineering, and challenges and opportunities. Finally, interdisciplinary efforts are required to unlock the transformative potential of next-generation neuroscience therapies.Copyright © 2024 International Brain Research Organization (IBRO). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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