• Bruna Clemente Cota, Mariana de Santis Filgueiras, Patrícia Feliciano Pereira, Leidjaira Lopes Juvanhol, and NovaesJuliana Farias deJFDepartment of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil..
• Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Electronic address: brunaclementec@gmail.com.
• Nutrition. 2023 Sep 22; 117: 112234112234.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and the Children's Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DII) with the normal-weight obesity (NWO) phenotype in school-aged children.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was carried out with a representative sample of 364 children ages 8 to 9 y in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The NWO phenotype was defined as normal weight according to body mass index and high body fat, assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Three 24-h dietary recalls were performed to evaluate NOVA classification groups and to calculate the C-DII score.ResultsAmong normal-weight children (NWO and "no NWO"), higher consumption of UPF (second tercile [T2]: prevalence ratio [PR], 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-3.4; T3: PR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.01-3.1) and a diet consisting of high proinflammatory foods (T2: PR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.04,2.8) were associated with a higher prevalence of NWO, in relation to the first tercile. Similarly, among children with excess body fat independent of body mass index (NWO and excess of weight), higher consumption of UPF was associated with a higher prevalence of NWO (T2: PR, 2; 95% CI, 1.2-3.3) in relation to T1.ConclusionHigher UPF consumption and a diet consisting of high proinflammatory foods were associated with the NWO phenotype in children.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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