• Io Nam Wong, Olivia Monteiro, Daniel T Baptista-Hon, Kai Wang, Wenyang Lu, Zhuo Sun, Sheng Nie, and Yun Yin.
• Institute for AI in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau Special Administrative Region 999078, China.
• Chin. Med. J. 2024 Nov 5; 137 (21): 252925392529-2539.

AbstractRecent advancements in the field of medical artificial intelligence (AI) have led to the widespread adoption of foundational and large language models. This review paper explores their applications within medical AI, introducing a novel classification framework that categorizes them as disease-specific, general-domain, and multi-modal models. The paper also addresses key challenges such as data acquisition and augmentation, including issues related to data volume, annotation, multi-modal fusion, and privacy concerns. Additionally, it discusses the evaluation, validation, limitations, and regulation of medical AI models, emphasizing their transformative potential in healthcare. The importance of continuous improvement, data security, standardized evaluations, and collaborative approaches is highlighted to ensure the responsible and effective integration of AI into clinical applications.Copyright © 2024 The Chinese Medical Association, produced by Wolters Kluwer, Inc. under the CC-BY-NC-ND license.

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