• Lea Zimmermann, Federica Maiellare, Francis Veyckemans, Alexander Fuchs, Tommaso Scquizzato, Thomas Riva, and Nicola Disma.
• Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
• J Anesth. 2024 Nov 18.

AbstractAirway management in children poses unique challenges due to the different anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology across the pediatric age span. The recently published joint European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care-British Journal of Anaesthesia (ESAIC-BJA) neonatal and infant airway management guidelines provide recommendations and suggestions to support clinicians in deciding the best strategy. These guidelines represent a framework with the most recent and up-to-date evidence, from the initial assessment to the management of normal and difficult airways up to the extubation phase. However, such guidelines have intrinsic limitations due to the lack of supporting evidence in various fields of airway management. Pediatric institutions should adopt guidelines after careful internal review according to the local circumstances, including caseload, equipment and expertise. The current narrative review focused on providing references and practical tips on pediatric airway management, which is still not completely elucidated. Moreover, the authors put particular emphasis on the influence of human factors on the overall success of tracheal intubation, the incidence of complications, and the outcomes for patients.© 2024. The Author(s).

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