• Takeo Koshida, Tomohito Gohda, Naoko Kaga, Hikari Taka, Kenta Shimozawa, Maki Murakoshi, Yuichiro Yamashiro, and Yusuke Suzuki.
• Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
• Nutrition. 2024 Nov 14; 131: 112633112633.

ObjectiveAlthough the effects of an unhealthy diet on the risks of diabetes and its renal complications are well understood, the effects of hygiene status have not been fully elucidated.Research Methods And ProceduresWe created four groups of mice according to the diet fed (standard [SD] or high-fat [HFD]) and their living environment (conventional [CV] or specific pathogen-free [SPF]), and characterized the extent of their kidney pathology, their gut microbiota, and their fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations.ResultsThe body masses and glycated hemoglobin levels of the HFD and CV groups were significantly higher than those of the SD and SPF groups, respectively. The renal mRNA expression of markers of inflammation and fibrosis and the protein level of CD31 were higher in the HFD and CV groups than in the SD and SPF groups, respectively. Although the alpha diversities and total SCFA concentrations of the HFD and CV groups were significantly lower than those of the SD and SPF groups, respectively, the mRNA expression of genes involved in inflammation, innate immunity, tight junctions, and glucose transporters in the gut was only affected by HFD.ConclusionsGut microbial dysbiosis, owing to the combined effects of inappropriate diet and excessive hygiene, accompanied by lower intestinal SCFA production, may contribute to the development and/or progression of diabetes and diabetic kidney disease through the induction of inflammation and fibrosis.Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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