• Ghulam Yaseen Veesar, Ather Akhlaq, Ahson Qavi Siddiqi, and Abdul Ghafoor Shoro.
• Department of Informatics and Health Management, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan.
• J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2025 Jan 1; 35 (1): 838983-89.

AbstractFraudulent medical practices remain prevalent globally, fueled by digital platforms spreading false claims. This study analysed 3,327 published studies and 400 grey literature sources, selecting 38 studies and 19 excerpts for detailed examination. It identified 126 distinct quackery techniques and products used throughout history. Traditional methods are considered legitimate in Asian and African regions and dismissed as quackery in the West. In Western countries, quacks often use electricity, mechanical instruments, and gadgets for treatment. Historically, faith-based treatments are practised globally. However, these were limited to Asia and Africa. The rise of the internet has enabled quacks to exploit digital platforms to deceive and attract victims. These findings highlight the persistence of quackery and underscore the need for targeted strategies to combat these deceptive practices globally. Key Words: Charlatan, Illegal treatment, Medical fraud, Quackery.

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