• Marie A Chisholm-Burns, Jeannie Kim Lee, Christina A Spivey, Marion Slack, Richard N Herrier, Elizabeth Hall-Lipsy, Joshua Graff Zivin, Ivo Abraham, John Palmer, Jennifer R Martin, Sandra S Kramer, and Timothy Wunz.
• Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. chisholm@pharmacy.arizona.edu
• Med Care. 2010 Oct 1;48(10):923-33.

BackgroundOne approach postulated to improve the provision of health care is effective utilization of team-based care including pharmacists.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive systematic review with focused meta-analyses to examine the effects of pharmacist-provided direct patient care on therapeutic, safety, and humanistic outcomes.MethodsThe following databases were searched from inception to January 2009: NLM PubMed; Ovid/MEDLINE; ABI/INFORM; Health Business Fulltext Elite; Academic Search Complete; International Pharmaceutical Abstracts; PsycINFO; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; National Guideline Clearinghouse; Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects; ClinicalTrials.gov; LexisNexis Academic Universe; and Google Scholar. Studies selected included those reporting pharmacist-provided care, comparison groups, and patient-related outcomes. Of these, 56,573 citations were considered. Data were extracted by multidisciplinary study review teams. Variables examined included study characteristics, pharmacists' interventions/services, patient characteristics, and study outcomes. Data for meta-analyses were extracted from randomized controlled trials meeting meta-analysis criteria.ResultsA total of 298 studies were included. Favorable results were found in therapeutic and safety outcomes, and meta-analyses conducted for hemoglobin A1c, LDL cholesterol, blood pressure, and adverse drug events were significant (P < 0.05), favoring pharmacists' direct patient care over comparative services. Results for humanistic outcomes were favorable with variability. Medication adherence, patient knowledge, and quality of life-general health meta-analyses were significant (P < 0.05), favoring pharmacists' direct patient care.ConclusionsPharmacist-provided direct patient care has favorable effects across various patient outcomes, health care settings, and disease states. Incorporating pharmacists as health care team members in direct patient care is a viable solution to help improve US health care.

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