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- D B McKenzie and A J Cowley.
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital, Nottingham, UK. dan.mckenzie@nottingham.ac.uk
- Postgrad Med J. 2003 Nov 1;79(937):634-42.
AbstractChronic heart failure is widely recognised as a common and escalating problem that causes major disability and often shortens life. Diuretics and digoxin have formed the mainstay of treatment for many years. Clinical trials have demonstrated that angiotensin converting enzymes and beta-blockers, in selected patients, improve symptoms and reduce mortality. Angiotensin-II antagonists and spironolactone may also have a role in certain individuals. Newer pharmacological approaches to the management of this complex disease are being developed, but await full evaluation.
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