• Int J Epidemiol · Aug 2000

    An introduction to instrumental variables for epidemiologists.

    • S Greenland.
    • Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA.
    • Int J Epidemiol. 2000 Aug 1;29(4):722-9.

    AbstractInstrumental-variable (IV) methods were invented over 70 years ago, but remain uncommon in epidemiology. Over the past decade or so, non-parametric versions of IV methods have appeared that connect IV methods to causal and measurement-error models important in epidemiological applications. This paper provides an introduction to those developments, illustrated by an application of IV methods to non-parametric adjustment for non-compliance in randomized trials.

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