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- S Greenland.
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA.
- Int J Epidemiol. 2000 Aug 1;29(4):722-9.
AbstractInstrumental-variable (IV) methods were invented over 70 years ago, but remain uncommon in epidemiology. Over the past decade or so, non-parametric versions of IV methods have appeared that connect IV methods to causal and measurement-error models important in epidemiological applications. This paper provides an introduction to those developments, illustrated by an application of IV methods to non-parametric adjustment for non-compliance in randomized trials.
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