• Mediators of inflammation · Jan 2012

    Review

    Danger signals activating the immune response after trauma.

    • Stefanie Hirsiger, Hans-Peter Simmen, Clément M L Werner, Guido A Wanner, and Daniel Rittirsch.
    • Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
    • Mediators Inflamm. 2012 Jan 1;2012:315941.

    AbstractSterile injury can cause a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that resembles the host response during sepsis. The inflammatory response following trauma comprises various systems of the human body which are cross-linked with each other within a highly complex network of inflammation. Endogenous danger signals (danger-associated molecular patterns; DAMPs; alarmins) as well as exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) play a crucial role in the initiation of the immune response. With popularization of the "danger theory," numerous DAMPs and PAMPs and their corresponding pathogen-recognition receptors have been identified. In this paper, we highlight the role of the DAMPs high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), and interleukin-33 (IL-33) as unique dual-function mediators as well as mitochondrial danger signals released upon cellular trauma and necrosis.

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