• Meggane Melchior, Pierrick Poisbeau, Isabelle Gaumond, and Serge Marchand.
• Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience (INCI), F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
• Neuroscience. 2016 Dec 3; 338: 63-80.

AbstractRecent studies describe sex and gender as critical factors conditioning the experience of pain and the strategies to respond to it. It is now clear that men and women have different physiological and behavioral responses to pain. Some pathological pain states are also highly sex-specific. This clinical observation has been often verified with animal studies which helped to decipher the mechanisms underlying the observed female hyper-reactivity and hyper-sensitivity to pain states. The role of gonadal hormones in the modulation of pain responses has been a straightforward hypothesis but, if pertinent in many cases, cannot fully account for this complex sensation, which includes an important cognitive component. Clinical and fundamental data are reviewed here with a special emphasis on possible developmental processes giving rise to sex-differences in pain processing.Copyright © 2016 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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