• W K Freeman, R J Gibbons, and C Shub.
• Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905.
• Mayo Clin. Proc. 1989 Sep 1; 64 (9): 1105-17.

AbstractA careful clinical history and physical examination are the most important components of the preoperative assessment of the cardiac patient who is to undergo a noncardiac surgical procedure. From these factors and the nature of the surgical procedure planned, a reasonable estimate of potential cardiac risk can be formulated to guide judicious preoperative testing for further definition of potentially high-risk patients. The potential risks associated with an invasive cardiac procedure or surgical intervention must always be considered along with the potential benefits of such a procedure in an attempt to reduce the cardiac risk of noncardiac operations. Aggressive and conscientious preoperative assessment and perioperative care of the high-risk patient by the concerted efforts of the medical consultant, anesthesiologist, and surgeon may substantially diminish cardiac-related morbidity and mortality during noncardiac surgical procedures.

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