• S C Tjin, Y C Ho, Y Z Lam, J Hao, and B K Ng.
• School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. esctjin@ntu.edu.sg
• Med Biol Eng Comput. 2001 Jan 1; 39 (1): 101-4.

AbstractA continuous cardiac output monitoring system has been developed in the laboratory to allow the real-time measurement of the cardiac output. This form of continuous cardiac output measurement allows the doctor to view the beat-to-beat cardiac output and can be employed to measure artery constrictions as well. The sensor comprises a laser Doppler velocimeter and an impedance measurement unit. The laser Doppler velocimeter is capable of measuring bi-directional blood flow within the vessel while the impedance measurement unit determines the cross-sectional area of the vessel. In laboratory tests, it was demonstrated on a heart-lung machine that the product of the two parameters measured is proportional to the actual flow volume of up to 6 lmin(-1) with a mean percentage error of 12.4% and a mean square error of 0.09 (using the lmin(-1) scale) were obtained. This is significantly more accurate than the measurement made using the thermodilution cathether.

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