• Kim Timmermans, Matthijs Kox, Jelle Gerretsen, Esther Peters, Gert Jan Scheffer, Johannes G van der Hoeven, Peter Pickkers, and Cornelia W Hoedemaekers.
• 1Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 2Department of Anesthesiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 3Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
• Crit. Care Med. 2015 Nov 1;43(11):2332-8.

ObjectivesAfter cardiac arrest, patients are highly vulnerable toward infections, possibly due to a suppressed state of the immune system called "immunoparalysis." We investigated if immunoparalysis develops following cardiac arrest and whether the release of danger-associated molecular patterns could be involved.DesignObservational study.SettingICU of a university medical center.PatientsFourteen post-cardiac arrest patients treated with mild therapeutic hypothermia for 24 hours and 11 control subjects.Measurements And Main ResultsPlasma cytokines showed highest levels within 24 hours after cardiac arrest and decreased during the next 2 days. By contrast, ex vivo production of cytokines interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-10 by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated leukocytes was severely impaired compared with control subjects, with most profound effects observed at day 0, and only partially recovering afterward. Compared with incubation at 37°C, incubation at 32°C resulted in higher interleukin-6 and lower interleukin-10 production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated leukocytes of control subjects, but not of patients. Plasma nuclear DNA, used as a marker for general danger-associated molecular pattern release, and the specific danger-associated molecular patterns (EN-RAGE and heat shock protein 70) were substantially higher in patients at days 0 and 1 compared with control subjects. Furthermore, plasma heat shock protein 70 levels were negatively correlated with ex vivo production of inflammatory mediators interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-10. Extracellular newly identified receptor for advanced glycation end products-binding protein levels only showed a significant negative correlation with ex vivo production of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α and a borderline significant inverse correlation with interleukin-10. No significant correlations were observed between plasma nuclear DNA levels and ex vivo cytokine production.InterventionsNone.ConclusionsRelease of danger-associated molecular patterns during the first days after cardiac arrest is associated with the development of immunoparalysis. This could explain the increased susceptibility toward infections in cardiac arrest patients.

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