• Willem N Welvaart, M A Paul, Ger J M Stienen, Hieronymus W H van Hees, Stephan A Loer, Ra Bouwman, Hans Niessen, Frances S de Man, Christian C Witt, Henk Granzier, Anton Vonk-Noordegraaf, and Coen A C Ottenheijm.
• Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Center/Institute for Cardiovascular Research, The Netherlands.
• Ann. Surg. 2011 Dec 1; 254 (6): 1044-9.

RationalePostoperative pulmonary complications are significant contributors to morbidity in patients who have undergone upper abdominal, thoracic, or cardiac surgery. The pathophysiology of these complications might involve postoperative inspiratory muscle weakness. The nature of postoperative inspiratory muscle weakness is unknown.ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of surgery on the functioning of the diaphragm, the main muscle of inspiration.MethodsSerial biopsies from the diaphragm and the latissimus dorsi muscle were obtained from 6 patients during thoracotomy for resection of a tumor in the right lung. Biopsies were taken as soon as the diaphragm had been exposed (t(0)) and again after 2 hours (t(2)). The contractile performance of demembranated muscle fibers, as well as fiber morphology and markers for proteolysis, was determined.ResultsIn all patients, the force-generating capacity of diaphragm muscle fibers at t(2) was significantly reduced (~35%) compared with that at t(0), with a more pronounced force loss in type 2 fibers compared with type 1 fibers. Diaphragm weakness was not part of a generalized muscle weakness as contractile performance of latissimus dorsi fibers was preserved at t(2). Diaphragm fiber size and myofibrillar structure were not different at t(2) compared with t0, but myosin heavy chain type 2 was significantly reduced at t(2) and MuRF-1 mRNA and protein levels were elevated at t(2).ConclusionsOnly 2 hours of thoracic surgery causes marked, and selective, diaphragm muscle fiber weakness.

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