• Kai M Beeh, Pierre-Regis Burgel, Franssen Frits M E FME 3 Department of Research and Education, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, Horn, the Netherlands., Jose Luis Lopez-Campos, Stelios Loukides, John R Hurst, Matjaž Fležar, Charlotte Suppli Ulrik, Fabiano Di Marco, Daiana Stolz, Arschang Valipour, Brian Casserly, Björn Ställberg, Konstantinos Kostikas, and Jadwiga A Wedzicha.
• 1 insaf Respiratory Research Institute, Wiesbaden, Germany.
• Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2017 Jul 15; 196 (2): 139-149.

AbstractDecreasing the frequency and severity of exacerbations is one of the main goals of treatment for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Several studies have documented that long-acting bronchodilators can reduce exacerbation rate and/or severity, and others have shown that combinations of long-acting β2-adrenergic agonists (LABAs) and long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) provide greater reductions in exacerbation frequency than either their monocomponents or LABA/inhaled corticosteroid combinations in patients at low and high risk for these events. In this review, small groups of experts critically evaluated mechanisms potentially responsible for the increased benefit of LABA/LAMA combinations over single long-acting bronchodilators or LABA/inhaled corticosteroids in decreasing exacerbation. These included effects on lung hyperinflation and mechanical stress, inflammation, excessive mucus production with impaired mucociliary clearance, and symptom severity. The data assembled and analyzed by each group were reviewed by all authors and combined into this manuscript. Available clinical results support the possibility that effects of LABA/LAMA combinations on hyperinflation, mucociliary clearance, and symptom severity may all contribute to decreasing exacerbations. Although preclinical studies suggest LABAs and LAMAs have antiinflammatory effects, such effects have not been demonstrated yet in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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