• Maurizio Bottiroli, Gianpaola Monti, Riccardo Pinciroli, Irene Vecchi, Valeria Terzi, Giuseppe Ortisi, Giampaolo Casella, and Roberto Fumagalli.
• Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda. P.zza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy.
• J Crit Care. 2017 Oct 1; 41: 124-129.

PurposeTo measure the prevalence of elevated Endotoxin Activity (EA) in a large cohort of patients with Septic Shock (SS), and to assess its value as an early indicator of Gram-Negative (GN) infection, disease severity, and patient risk.Materials And MethodsAdult patients were enrolled in this observational study if an EA determination was obtained within 24-h from SS onset. Demographic, clinical, and microbiological data were collected. In-hospital follow-up was also conducted.ResultsA high prevalence of endotoxemia was observed in the 107 subjects included, with 82% of patients showing either intermediate (≥0.4 units), or high (≥0.6) EA. Patients with positive cultures for GNs showed a higher mean EA (0.63±0.18 vs. 0.53±0.22; p<0.05). However, the test showed poor accuracy in the identification of GN bacteria as SS causative agents. Significantly higher lactate concentration (p=0.006), SOFA (p=0.04) and inotropic score (p=0.006) were observed in patients with endotoxemia. However, higher EA levels neither influenced mortality, nor length of stay.ConclusionsEarly after SS onset, patients showed a high prevalence of endotoxemia, particularly those infected with GN bacteria. The EA assay might be a useful marker of disease severity. The complexity of such patients, however, limits EA accuracy in identifying GN sepsis and predicting outcome.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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