• Jennifer A Lanzillotta, Angela Clark, Edith Starbuck, Emily B Kean, and Melissa Kalarchian.
• College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. Electronic address: Jennifer.lanzillotta@uc.edu.
• Pain Manag Nurs. 2018 Oct 1; 19 (5): 535-548.

ObjectivesThe United States is experiencing an opioid overdose crisis. Research suggests prolonged postoperative opioid use, a common complication following surgery, is associated with opioid misuse, which, in turn, is the greatest risk factor of heroin misuse. The objective of this review is to evaluate how postoperative opioid exposure relates to prolonged use and to identify factors that predict prolonged postoperative opioid use.DesignAn integrative review of the literature.Data SourcesElectronic and hand searching methods were used in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, and SCOPUS. Search terms included opioid, opiate, postoperative pain, drug administration, prescribing pattern, prescription, inappropriate prescribing, self-medication, patient-controlled analgesia, opioid-naïve patients, and prolonged opioid use.Review/Analysis MethodsData were synthesized by identifying themes reflecting the results of the review. A quality assessment of the articles was also conducted.ResultsFourteen articles were included and two main themes emerged: (1) Surgery places opioid naïve patients at risk for prolonged opioid use and (2) Certain patient characteristics may be predictive of prolonged postoperative opioid use.ConclusionsProlonged postoperative opioid use is related to factors in addition to prescribing practices. Researchers consistently found that patients who are already on opioids, benzodiazepines, or addicted to alcohol; who have mental health disorders, depressive symptoms, or a self-perceived risk of addiction; and patients with multiple co-morbidities are at greater risk of prolonged use; demographics were inconsistent.Nursing ImplicationsStudies are needed to determine the predicting characteristics of prolonged postoperative opioid use, the type of surgeries that place patients at most risk, and the effect postoperative exposure to opioids has on prolonged use. This information can be used to develop and implement protocols to prevent misuse among high-risk patients.Copyright © 2018 American Society for Pain Management Nursing. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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