• L Ernsten, P Hepp, T Fehm, and N K Schaal.
• Institut für Experimentelle Psychologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
• Schmerz. 2019 Apr 1; 33 (2): 100-105.

BackgroundDespite suitable analgesia procedures and interventions only approximately 24% of inpatients with strong to very strong pain receive adequate treatment. Besides opioids, which are associated with numerous side effects and risks, non-pharmacological approaches are increasingly being used. In this context, one of the oldest known methods are music interventions; however, the state of evidence is heterogeneous and there are no explicit manuals and recommendations for the effective implementation of music interventions.ObjectiveThis review aimed to determine the optimal time point at which perioperative music interventions can most effectively relieve pain.Material And MethodsA PubMed search was conducted and publications investigating the effect of music during the preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative stages of various interventions were identified.ResultsDuring the preoperative phase, only positive effects of music on pain relief have been reported but availability of data is sparse. During the intraoperative stage of a medical intervention the effect of music seems to be mediated by the type of anesthesia procedure and sedation depth. Only patients who can consciously perceive the music seem to profit from it. Positive alleviating effects on subjective pain perception and analgesia needs were shown in the postoperative stage.ConclusionMusic is a non-pharmacological method to alleviate pain, which is free of side effects. Important considerations for the use of music interventions for relief of acute pain associated with surgery are discussed taking into account numerous mediating factors, which influence the efficacy of the treatment.

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