• William Clifton, Alexander Vlasak, Aaron Damon, Conrad Dove, and Mark Pichelmann.
• Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA. Electronic address: clifton.william@mayo.edu.
• World Neurosurg. 2019 Dec 1; 132: 113.

AbstractWe present a surgical video demonstrating the anatomy and technique of freehand C2 pedicle screw placement using a cadaveric specimen and 3-dimensional simulation software. C2 pedicle screws have been shown to augment cervical constructs and provide increased biomechanical stability compared with pars screws due to the increased length and bony purchase of pedicle screws within the pedicle and vertebral body.1 The presence of vertebral artery variations within the transverse foramen may preclude pedicle screw placement, and these should be identified on preoperative imaging. The C2 pedicle can be directly palpated at the time of screw placement, which aids screw placement in cases of deformity or trauma. A freehand technique without the use of computed tomography scan guidance or intraoperative fluoroscopy decreases radiation exposure for the operator and patient and has been shown to be safe for patient-related outcomes.2-5 Complete exposure of the C2 posterior elements is key to identifying the pedicle. The trajectory is based on direct visualization of the medial and superior pedicle borders to avoid lateral or inferior breaches into the transverse foramen. A curved probe is used for access into the vertebral body, respecting the outer cortical walls of the pedicle. The intraosseous position is confirmed with a ball-tipped probe. Fluoroscopy should be performed after screw placement to confirm proper position. By accomplishing proper exposure and understanding the anatomy of the C2 pedicle, the placement of C2 pedicle screws using a freehand technique is a safe and efficient technique for high cervical fixation.Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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