• John I Broussard, Laura Acion, Héctor De Jesús-Cortés, Terry Yin, Jeremiah K Britt, Ramiro Salas, Mauro Costa-Mattioli, Claudia Robertson, Andrew A Pieper, David B Arciniegas, and Ricardo Jorge.
• a Beth K and Stuart C. Yudofsky Division of Neuropsychiatry , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.
• Brain Inj. 2018 Jan 1; 32 (1): 113-122.

Primary ObjectiveRepeated traumatic brain injuries (rmTBI) are frequently associated with debilitating neuropsychiatric conditions such as cognitive impairment, mood disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. We tested the hypothesis that repeated mild traumatic brain injury impairs spatial memory and enhances anxiety-like behaviour.Research DesignWe used a between groups design using single (smTBI) or repeated (rmTBI) controlled cranial closed skull impacts to mice, compared to a control group.Methods And ProceduresWe assessed the effects of smTBI and rmTBI using measures of motor performance (Rotarod Test [RT]), anxiety-like behaviour (Elevated Plus Maze [EPM] and Open Field [OF] tests), and spatial memory (Morris Water Maze [MWM]) within 12 days of the final injury. In separate groups of mice, astrocytosis and microglial activation were assessed 24 hours after the final injury using GFAP and IBA-1 immunohistochemistry.Main Outcomes And ResultsRmTBI impaired spatial memory in the MWM and increased anxiety-like behaviour in the EPM and OFT. In addition, rmTBI elevated GFAP and IBA-1 immunohistochemistry throughout the mouse brain. RmTBI produced astrocytosis and microglial activation, and elicited impaired spatial memory and anxiety-like behaviour.ConclusionsrmTBI produces acute cognitive and anxiety-like disturbances associated with inflammatory changes in brain regions involved in spatial memory and anxiety.

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