• Francesco Ruotolo, Ineke van der Ham, Albert Postma, Gennaro Ruggiero, and Tina Iachini.
• Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Immersive Virtual Reality, Second University of Naples, Italy. Electronic address: f.ruotolo@uu.nl.
• Behav. Brain Res. 2015 May 1; 284: 167-78.

AbstractThis study explores how people represent spatial information in order to accomplish a visuo-motor task. To this aim we combined two fundamental components of the human visuo-spatial system: egocentric and allocentric frames of reference and coordinate and categorical spatial relations. Specifically, participants learned the position of three objects and then had to judge the distance (coordinate information) and the relation (categorical information) of a target object with respect to themselves (egocentric frame) or with respect to another object (allocentric frame). They gave spatial judgments by reaching and touching the exact position or the side previously occupied by the target object. The possible influence of stimuli characteristics (3D objects vs. 2D images) and delay between learning phase and testing phase (1.5 vs. 5s) was also assessed. Results showed an advantage of egocentric coordinate judgments over the allocentric coordinate ones independently from the kind of stimuli used and the temporal parameters of the response, whereas egocentric categorical judgments were more accurate than allocentric categorical ones only with 3D stimuli and when an immediate response was requested. This pattern of data is discussed in the light of the "perception-action" model by Milner and Goodale [13] and of neuroimaging evidence about frames of reference and spatial relations. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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