• Chen-Wei Chung, Chang-Hung Kuo, Hui-Yu Huang, Ahmad Alkhatib, Ching-Yu Tseng, Chih-Yang Huang, and Chia-Hua Kuo.
• Center for General Education, Shih-Hsin University, Taipei, Taiwan.
• Nutrition. 2020 Jul 1; 75-76: 110760.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine whether weight training combined with high-protein intake enhances total and regional bone mineral density (BMD) in athletes.MethodsBMD of 27 Division 1 collegiate baseball players 18 to 22 y of age (N = 13, 2 dropouts) received either 14% protein or isocaloric 44% protein supplements and were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry before and after a 12-wk weight training program (challenging upper and lower body).ResultsBaseline data showed unequivocally greater humerus BMD in the dominant arm than their contralateral non-dominant arm (∼20 %) among all baseball players. Humerus BMD of the non-dominant arm was enhanced by 2.7% after weight training for both low- and high-protein groups (main effect, P = 0.008), concurrent with an unexpected small decrease in total body BMD (main effect, P = 0.014). Humerus BMD of the dominant arm with greater baseline value than the non-dominant arm was not increased unless high protein was supplemented (+2.7 %; P < 0.05).ConclusionBones with relatively higher BMD show blunt adaptation against training, which can be relieved by high-protein supplementation. Total BMD of athletes cannot be further elevated by weight training.Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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