• Muhammad Waqas, Maxim Mokin, Jaims Lim, Kunal Vakharia, Michael E Springer, Karen M Meess, Richard W Ducharme, Ciprian N Ionita, Nagesh Swetadri Vasan Setlur SVS Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York. , Liza C Gutierrez, Kenneth V Snyder, Jason M Davies, Elad I Levy, and Adnan H Siddiqui.
• Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
• Neurosurgery. 2020 Sep 15; 87 (4): E445-E453.

BackgroundThree-dimensional (3D) printing has revolutionized training, education, and device testing. Understanding the design and physical properties of 3D-printed models is important.ObjectiveTo systematically review the design, physical properties, accuracy, and experimental outcomes of 3D-printed vascular models used in neurointervention.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of the literature between January 1, 2000 and September 30, 2018. Public/Publisher MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, Compendex, Cochrane, and Inspec databases were searched using Medical Subject Heading terms for design and physical attributes of 3D-printed models for neurointervention. Information on design and physical properties like compliance, lubricity, flow system, accuracy, and outcome measures were collected.ResultsA total of 23 articles were included. Nine studies described 3D-printed models for stroke intervention. Tango Plus (Stratasys) was the most common material used to develop these models. Four studies described a population-representative geometry model. All other studies reported patient-specific vascular geometry. Eight studies reported complete reconstruction of the circle of Willis, anterior, and posterior circulation. Four studies reported a model with extracranial vasculature. One prototype study reported compliance and lubricity. Reported circulation systems included manual flushing, programmable pistons, peristaltic, and pulsatile pumps. Outcomes included thrombolysis in cerebral infarction, post-thrombectomy flow restoration, surgical performance, and qualitative feedback.ConclusionVariations exist in the material, design, and extent of reconstruction of vasculature of 3D-printed models. There is a need for objective characterization of 3D-printed vascular models. We propose the development of population representative 3D-printed models for skill improvement or device testing.Copyright © 2020 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.

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