• Nada Božina, Majda Vrkić Kirhmajer, Livija Šimičević, Lana Ganoci, Nikica Mirošević Skvrce, Iva Klarica Domjanović, and Iveta Merćep.
• Nada Božina, Division of Pharmacogenomics and Therapy Individualization, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Kišpatićeva 12, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, nbozina@kbc-zagreb.hr.
• Croat. Med. J. 2020 Apr 30; 61 (2): 147-158.

AbstractOlder people are increasingly susceptible to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or therapeutic failure. This could be mediated by considerable polypharmacy, which increases the possibility of drug-drug and drug-gene interactions. Precision medicine, based on individual genetic variations, enables the screening of patients at risk for ADRs and the implementation of personalized treatment regimens. It combines genetic and genomic data with environmental and clinical factors in order to tailor prevention and disease-management strategies, including pharmacotherapy. The identification of genetic factors that influence drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and action at the drug target level allows individualized therapy. Positive pharmacogenomic findings have been reported for the majority of cardiovascular drugs (CVD), suggesting that pre-emptive testing can improve efficacy and minimize the toxicity risk. Gene variants related to drug metabolism and transport variability or pharmacodynamics of major CVD have been translated into dosing recommendations. Pharmacogenetics consortia have issued guidelines for oral anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, statins, and some beta-blockers. Since the majority of pharmacogenetics recommendations are based on the assessment of single drug-gene interactions, it is imperative to develop tools for the prediction of multiple drug-drug-gene interactions, which are common in the elderly with comorbidity. The availability of genomic testing has grown, but its clinical application is still insufficient.

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