Biomarkers in medicine
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Biomarkers in medicine · Jan 2017
Admission neutrophil count and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio predict 90-day outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage.
Inflammation plays a role in secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We aimed to determine the prognostic significance of admission white blood cell (AWC), neutrophil count (ANC), lymphocyte count, monocyte count and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) for 90-day outcome after ICH. ⋯ Elevated levels of AWC, ANC and NLR were independently related to poor 90-day outcome after ICH. NLR may be a novel inflammatory biomarker following ICH.
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The field of immuno-oncology has witnessed unprecedented success in recent years, with several PD=1 and PD-L1 inhibitors obtaining US FDA registration and breakthrough drug therapy designation in multiple tumor types. Despite its clear efficacy in certain cancers, treatment with these agents carries a risk of immune-related toxicities and substantial financial burden. ⋯ We first examine the role of PD-L1 expression, the most extensively studied predictive biomarker of response, and further discuss emerging putative predictive biomarkers. We also detail challenges faced in the development of response assessments for immunotherapeutics and propose other biomarkers that may be useful as surrogate intermediate end points of response.