Injury
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To evaluate the activity of visceral surgeons assigned to the Medical Treatment Facility (MTF) (role 3) in Kabul International Airport (KAIA) and identify the skills and qualifications required by these specialists. ⋯ A visceral surgeon in a role 3 MTF should master a wide range of skills and expertise to be able to deal with many complex situations, in particular life-threatening situations such as thoracic and vascular wounds. A comprehensive surgical training programme for surgeons in abroad deployment (Advance Course for Deployment Surgery - CACHIRMEX) has been designed and settled up in 2007 to provide these necessary skills. The feedback obtained from each previous deployment demonstrates that the advanced course for deployment surgery provides visceral surgeons the necessary skills required to deliver surgical healthcare in a role 3 MTF. However, a regular assessment of this programme is mandatory to ensure that this training stays appropriate and contributes to better outcomes and a decreased mortality rate.
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability in both children and the elderly. Mortality from TBI is said account for 1-2% of all deaths. One-third to one-half of all traumatic deaths is due to head injury. Of those who survive, the majority is left with significant disabilities, including 3% who remain in a vegetative state and only approximately 30% who make a good recovery. Microarray studies and other genomic techniques facilitate the discovery of new targets for the treatment of diseases, which aids in drug development, immunotherapeutics and gene therapy. Gene expression profiling or microarray analysis enables the measurement of thousands of genes in a single RNA sample. ⋯ In this study, we will review the current understanding of the genetic susceptibility of TBI with microarrays. Our results highlight the importance of genes that control the response of the brain to injury as well as the suitability of microarrays for identifying specific targets for further study.
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Activity of the epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) in the lung tissue plays a critical role on sodium/fluid homeostasis and the lung fluid clearance. The serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1 (SGK1), one of the critical regulation proteins of ENaC, is activated by insulin and growth factors possibly through 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase PDK1 or/and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). However, it is uncertain whether insulin shows its stimulatory action on ENaC by activation of SGK1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) condition. ⋯ Furthermore, α-ENaC was up-regulated by insulin treatment. Simultaneously, injection with LPS significantly reduced α-ENaC expression. These findings demonstrated that insulin up-regulates ENaC in vivo possibly resulting from activation of SGK1.