Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
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This study describes an outbreak of Simarouba versicolor intoxication in cattle from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and reproduces it experimentally. Clinical signs of the affected animals were weakness, tremors, hind limbs incoordination, reluctance to move, sternal and lateral recumbency and death. The main necropsy findings, observed in the abomasum and in segments of the small and large intestines, were diffuse redness and mucosal and serosal swelling. ⋯ In a second experiment, two male calves received daily administration of S. versicolor leaves at 1.5 g/kg and 2.5 g/kg for 10 days. They developed clinical signs of intoxication within 24 h and recovered eight to nine days after the leaves were administered. These findings suggest that S. versicolor was responsible for the outbreak studied, although this plant does not have cumulative intoxication effects on cattle.
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We performed a study on the antinociceptive effects of A1 and A2 type (A1LL and A2NTX, respectively) botulinum toxin on carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia in the rat. Both A1LL and A2NTX had antinociceptive effects in the carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain model, reducing the mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. A2NTX also reduced the increase in c-fos immunoreactivity in L4-L5 spinal segments induced by carrageenan, suggesting that A2NTX inhibits the activation of spinal nociceptive afferent fibers that project to the CNS. Our results indicate that A2NTX may offer a new therapeutic tool to treat inflammatory pain.
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Clinical Trial
Improvement in pelvic pain with botulinum toxin type A - Single vs. repeat injections.
The aim of this prospective study was to report the outcomes of pain and vaginal pressures of successive botulinum toxin type A injections for women with objective pelvic floor muscle overactivity and a two-year history of pelvic pain. Between 2005 and 2008, 37 women underwent injection of 100 IU of botulinum toxin type A into the puborectalis and pubococcygeous muscles with dysmenorrhoea, dyspareunia, dyschesia, and non-menstrual pelvic pain assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS), and vaginal pressure measured by vaginal manometry, at 0, 4, 12 and 26 weeks from each injection. 26 women (70%) had one injection of botulinum toxin type A and 11 (30%) had 2 or more injections. The second injection was performed at the earliest at 26 weeks after the first, with subsequent injections having a median time to re-injection of 33.4 weeks (range 9.4-122.7 weeks). ⋯ The upper limit between re-injection is not yet determined, nor is the maximum number of treatments. Clinical outcomes for single and subsequent injection of botulinum toxin type A for recurrent pelvic pain are equivalent. Women who have had benefit from a single injection of botulinum toxin type A can be reassured that if symptoms reoccur, repeated injections can be expected to be equally efficacious.