Journal of the National Cancer Institute
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J. Natl. Cancer Inst. · Jan 1996
Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical TrialRandomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study of effect of wheat bran fiber and calcium on fecal bile acids in patients with resected adenomatous colon polyps.
Ongoing epidemiologic and nutritional studies suggest that colorectal carcinogenesis is consistent with complex interactions between genetic susceptibility and environmental and dietary factors. Among the dietary components found to reduce colon cancer risk are high intakes of dietary fiber and calcium. ⋯ Phase III studies of these agents in the prevention of adenoma recurrence are necessary to confirm this hypothesis and have now been initiated at multiple institutions.
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J. Natl. Cancer Inst. · Jan 1996
Multicenter StudyParental alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and risk of infant leukemia: a Childrens Cancer Group study.
Whether parental drinking and smoking during pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of cancer in offspring is controversial. There are some indications that maternal alcohol consumption is associated with an elevated risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) appearing in very young children. Evidence for an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of leukemia in offspring has been inconsistent. ⋯ The data suggest that in utero exposure to alcohol may contribute to leukemogenesis involving myeloid cells.
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J. Natl. Cancer Inst. · Dec 1995
Five leading U.S. commercial brands of moist snuff in 1994: assessment of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines.
Moist snuff is the only tobacco product in the United States with increasing sales (an increase of 38.4% between 1981 and 1993) and with increased consumption, primarily by male adolescents aged 12-18 years old and young adults aged 19 years old or older. It is known from previous studies that levels of nicotine and the proportion of unprotonated (free) nicotine, as well as the pH, which affects nicotine delivery, vary considerably among the leading snuff brands. Whether concentrations of major carcinogens, such as the nicotine-derived tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs), like N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), also vary among these brands has not been determined previously. ⋯ The three leading U.S. snuff brands (Copenhagen, Skoal fine cut, and Kodiak; making up 92% of the U.S. market) showed not only high levels of pH, nicotine, and unprotonated (free) nicotine, but also high concentrations of the strongly carcinogenic TSNAs in comparison with the fourth and fifth best selling moist snuff brands, Hawken and Skoal Bandits (3% of the U.S. market).
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Blacks have lower survival rates for colon cancer than whites, possibly related to more advanced stages of disease at diagnosis and to socioeconomic differences between blacks and whites. While the black/white difference in colon cancer survival is well documented, the few studies that have investigated this difference have been limited by the modest number and type of explanatory factors that were considered. ⋯ Because the racial disparity was confined to earlier stages, future studies should investigate whether blacks have more advanced disease at diagnosis and whether less aggressive treatment is provided because of understanding.
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J. Natl. Cancer Inst. · Sep 1995
Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical TrialCalcium and colorectal epithelial cell proliferation in sporadic adenoma patients: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
The kinetics of colorectal epithelial cell proliferation is altered in patients at increased risk for colon cancer. Calcium administration ameliorates such proliferative changes in rodents. Findings in preliminary clinical trials have suggested similar effects in humans. ⋯ These results support further study of whether alterations in colon cell proliferative kinetics represent true intermediate steps in colon carcinogenesis that can be used to investigate the etiology and prevention of, and whether a higher calcium consumption can reduce the risk of, colon cancer.