Pain
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We describe the development of a Chinese version of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI-C) and demonstrate its reliability and validity. We also report the use of the BPI-C in a three hospital study of cancer pain and its treatment. As with other language versions of the BPI, factor analysis of the BPI-C items results in a two factor solution that satisfies the criteria of reproducibility, interpretability and fit in a confirmatory setting. ⋯ The sample (N = 147) was gathered at three cancer treatment hospitals in Beijing. The patients from these hospitals reported higher levels of pain severity and pain interference compared with patients in similar studies done at the time (1991-1992) in the United States and France. This was in keeping with the finding that a larger proportion (67%) of the cancer patients in these Beijing hospitals were judged to have inadequate analgesia as assessed by the Pain Management Index (PMI), an estimate of adherence to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for cancer pain management.
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Pain control for cancer patients is a significant problem in health care, and lack of expertise by clinicians in assessing and managing cancer pain is an important cause of inadequate pain management. This study was designed to use performance-based testing to evaluate the skills of resident physicians in assessing and managing the severe chronic pain of a cancer patient. Thirty-three resident physicians (PGY 1-6) were presented with the same standardized severe cancer pain patient and asked to complete a detailed pain assessment. ⋯ Co-analgesics were rarely prescribed. Few physicians managed persistent, severe cancer pain according to the WHO guideline of increasing the opioid dose. The lack of significant difference in scores between junior and senior residents suggest that adequate cancer pain management is not being effectively taught in postgraduate training programs.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine the clinical course of musculoskeletal, soft tissue, work-related injury. An analysis of empirically derived sub-groupings of workers based on prognostically important pain and disability variables assessed on enrollment into the study is described. Multidimensional time-dependent profiles are used to characterize stages in the development of pain, impairment, disability and handicap. ⋯ Duncan's multiple range test was used to compare pairs of means at each assessment period. Cluster groupings, based on three prognostically important clinical variables, number of pain sites, pain behavior and functional disability, obtained at the initial assessment were valid predictors of the number of days to return to work and total number of days on work disability. Prognostic stratification can enhance confidence in predictive decisions of clinical practice and improve clinical trials of therapy.
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Several studies of experimental and acute clinical pain have indicated reactive effects of self-assessment on pain intensity and tolerance. A recent study of chronic pain patients (vonBaeyer 1994), however, failed to show these effects. The present investigation sought to determine whether reactive effects can be produced in chronic pain patients by an intensive self-assessment protocol. ⋯ Using repeated measures analysis of the daily means, no significant effects of time were found for any measures. Reactive effects that result in an average change in pain levels over time, therefore, do not appear to be produced by intensive self-assessment in a naturalistic context. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive and behavioral theories of pain reactivity.
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To examine the pathophysiological mechanisms of vascular disturbances and to assess the role of the sympathetic nervous system, 12 patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) of the hand were studied using laser Doppler flowmetry. Cutaneous blood flow, skin resistance and skin temperature were measured at the affected and contralateral hands. Sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflexes were induced bilaterally by deep inspiration. ⋯ Therefore, they have to be interpreted with care when defining reliable diagnostic criteria. (2) Vascular disturbances in RSD are not due to constant overactivity of sympathetic vasoconstrictor neurons. Changes in vascular sensitivity to cold temperature and circulating catecholamines may be responsible for vascular abnormalities. Alternatively, RSD may be associated with an abnormal (side different) reflex pattern of sympathetic vasoconstrictor neurons due to thermoregulatory and emotional stimuli generated in the central nervous system. (3) After sympathectomy, denervation supersensitivity of blood vessels and intense vasomotion may be associated with recurrence of pain in some patients.