Brain research bulletin
-
Brain research bulletin · Oct 2014
ReviewElectrical stimulation of hippocampus for the treatment of refractory temporal lobe epilepsy.
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common epilepsy syndrome and is often associated with pharmacoresistance. Patients with pharmacoresistant TLE may be candidates for epilepsy surgery, and anterior temporal lobectomy if indicated is the most effective known treatment and has the best chance of a seizure-free outcome. For many patients with TLE, epilepsy surgery is not an option, for example when the seizure onset zone co-localizes with eloquent brain function and cannot be resected, or the seizure onset zone is not well localized, or when seizures independently originate from both temporal lobes. ⋯ Animal and clinical studies in humans have demonstrated electrical stimulation is an effective and safe treatment. Moreover, successful application of responsive neurostimulation system in the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy has been reported recently. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive review of the modern history of electrical stimulation of the hippocampus for the treatment of refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy and discuss the anatomical basis, validity, side effects, stimulation paradigm and mechanism of hippocampus stimulation and the responsive electrical stimulation trials.
-
Brain research bulletin · Oct 2014
Ligustilide inhibits microglia-mediated proinflammatory cytokines production and inflammatory pain.
Ligustilide is the main component of Danggui essential oil, and recently reported to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect. Increasing evidence suggests that glia-mediated neuroinflammation in the spinal cord plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of chronic pain. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effect of ligustilide both in vitro and in vivo. ⋯ In addition, repetitive intravenous injection of ligustilide attenuated intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. The same treatment of ligustilide also inhibited CFA-induced TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 up-regulation and microglial activation in the spinal cord. Taken together, our data suggest that ligustilide can alleviate inflammatory pain partly through inhibition of microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokines production, which indicates a possible benefit from the use of ligustilide in the treatment of inflammatory pain and neuroinflammation-associated disorders.