Preventive medicine
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Preventive medicine · Apr 2016
Effect of appreciation for Indigenous cultures and exposure to racial insults on alcohol and drug use initiation among multiethnic Argentinean youth.
This study evaluated the effect of factors reflecting appreciation of Indigenous culture and racial insults on alcohol and drug use initiation among multi-ethnic youth in Jujuy, Argentina. ⋯ Enhancing appreciation for Indigenous cultures and decreasing racial insults are achievable goals that can be incorporated into programs to prevent youth substance use.
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Preventive medicine · Apr 2016
Work, household, and leisure-time physical activity and risk of mortality in the EPIC-Spain cohort.
Large-scale longitudinal data on the association of domain-specific physical activity (PA) and mortality is limited. Our objective was to evaluate the association of work, household (HPA), and leisure time PA (LTPA) with overall and cause-specific mortality in the EPIC-Spain study. ⋯ HPA was associated to lower mortality risk in men and women from the EPIC-Spain cohort, whereas LTPA also contributed to reduce risk of death in women. Considering the large proportion of total daily PA that HPA represents in some population groups, these results are of public health importance.
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Preventive medicine · Apr 2016
Assessment of tobacco smoke exposure in the pediatric emergency department.
Tobacco smoke exposure causes significant childhood morbidity and is associated with a multitude of conditions. National organizations recommend tobacco smoke exposure screening at all pediatric clinical encounters. Data regarding tobacco smoke exposure screening in the pediatric emergency department is sparse, although children with tobacco smoke exposure-associated conditions commonly present to this setting. We aimed to determine the frequency and outcome of tobacco smoke exposure screening in the pediatric emergency department, and assess associated sociodemographic/clinical characteristics. ⋯ Despite national recommendations, current tobacco smoke exposure screening rates are low and fail to identify at-risk children. Pediatric emergency department visits for tobacco smoke exposure-associated conditions are common, thus further research is needed to develop and assess standardized tobacco smoke exposure screening tools/interventions in this setting.
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Preventive medicine · Apr 2016
Review Meta AnalysisOrthostatic hypotension and the risk of incidental cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
To quantitatively estimate the prospective associations between orthostatic hypotension (OH) and cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. ⋯ Presence of OH was independently related to significantly increased risk for incidence of CHD and stroke. Further, studies regarding the mechanisms and potential treatments for OH may be important for understanding whether the associations between OH and cardiovascular diseases are causative.
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Preventive medicine · Apr 2016
The cost-effectiveness of training US primary care physicians to conduct colorectal cancer screening in family medicine residency programs.
Demand for a wide array of colorectal cancer screening strategies continues to outpace supply. One strategy to reduce this deficit is to dramatically increase the number of primary care physicians who are trained and supportive of performing office-based colonoscopies or flexible sigmoidoscopies. This study evaluates the clinical and economic implications of training primary care physicians via family medicine residency programs to offer colorectal cancer screening services as an in-office procedure. ⋯ A national overhaul of family medicine residency programs offering training for colorectal cancer screening yields satisfactory incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. However, the model places high expectations on primary care physicians to improve current compliance levels in the US.