Preventive medicine
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Preventive medicine · Jul 2019
The effects of community pharmacy-delivered public health interventions on population health and health inequalities: A review of reviews.
Community pharmacies have great potential to deliver services aimed at promoting health and preventing disease, and are well placed in deprived communities. This review of reviews aimed to assess the effectiveness of community pharmacy-delivered public health services and assess how they impact on inequalities in health using PROGRESS-Plus characteristics. Twenty databases were searched from their start date until January 2018. ⋯ At present, little is known how community pharmacy-delivered public health interventions impact on health inequalities. It would be prudent for future studies to address this by explicitly reporting outcomes according to the PROGRESS-Plus framework. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42017056264.
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Preventive medicine · Jul 2019
Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter StudyEffects of a prevention program on multiple health-compromising behaviours in adolescence: A cluster randomized controlled trial.
We aimed to assess the effectiveness of 'Paesaggi di Prevenzione', a school-based prevention program delivered by trained teachers and designed to tackle smoking, alcohol misuse, dietary risks, and physical inactivity in adolescence. We evaluated the program between 2010 and 2013 with a two-arm, parallel-group, multicentre cluster randomized controlled trial in which schools were the units of randomization. We collected data on health-compromising behaviours using self-reported measurements of behaviour frequency administered before and after program implementation. ⋯ The program had iatrogenic effects in regard to some eating behaviours, resulting in (i) lower odds of fruit consumption among middle-school students (odds ratio [OR] 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.68-0.99) and (ii) lower odds of having breakfast every day in high-school students at the post-intervention measurement (OR 0.76; 95%CI 0.58-0.99) but not at one-year follow-up (OR 0.94; 95%CI 0.69-1.28). Due to the possibility of unintended effects, we advise against disseminating 'Paesaggi di Prevenzione' in its present form. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN00953701.
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Preventive medicine · Jul 2019
Clinical TrialUV detection stickers can assist people to reapply sunscreen.
Sunscreen when applied at the recommended concentration (2 mg/cm2) has been shown to block the harmful molecular effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in vivo. In real world conditions, however, sunscreen is often not applied/reapplied sufficiently to yield protection. This field study tested the effectiveness of UV detection stickers to prevent sunburn and improve reapplication of sunscreen. ⋯ Participants provided with a UV detection sticker were more likely to re-apply sunscreen than controls (80% vs 68%, p = 0.04); but do not reduce sunburn rates. UV detection stickers may improve sunscreen re-application in a high UV-environment. Trial registration: Australian and New Zealand clinical trials register (ACTRN12617001572358).
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Preventive medicine · Jul 2019
Preventing unintentional injuries in US early care and education: Are state regulations sufficient?
Unintentional injuries are currently the leading cause of death among US children older than one. As many children spend significant time in non-parental child care, these injuries often occur outside of the home. This study examined US state early care and education (ECE) regulations related to injury prevention. ⋯ However, few states (5 for centers, 3 for homes) required providers to take corrective action after an injury. Although most states had some injury prevention regulations, they varied greatly across states. More states should require corrective action after an injury to help prevent future injuries from occurring.
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Preventive medicine · Jul 2019
Risk factors for alcohol use among pregnant women, ages 15-44, in the United States, 2002 to 2017.
Fetal alcohol exposure can lead to severe birth and developmental defects. Determining which pregnant women are most likely to drink is essential for targeting interventions. In National Survey on Drug Use and Health data on pregnant women from 2002 to 2017 (N = 13,488), logistic regression was used to produce adjusted odds ratios (aOR) indicating characteristics associated with two past-month outcomes: any alcohol use and binge drinking. ⋯ In trimester 1, lower risk was observed in middle ages (aOR = 0.4). In trimesters 2/3, higher risk was observed in Blacks (aOR = 3.3) and those with lower income (aORs 3.5-3.9), while lower risk was observed in those with higher education (aOR = 0.3). To prevent severe prenatal harm, health care providers should focus on women at higher risk for binge drinking during pregnancy: women with tobacco or drug use, alcohol use disorder, or depression, and women who are unmarried, Black, or of lower socioeconomic status.