Preventive medicine
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Preventive medicine · Feb 2024
Association of initial opioid prescription duration and an opioid refill by pain diagnosis: Evidence from outpatient settings in ten US health systems.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain cautioned that inflexible opioid prescription duration limits may harm patients. Information about the relationship between initial opioid prescription duration and a subsequent refill could inform prescribing policies and practices to optimize patient outcomes. We assessed the association between initial opioid duration and an opioid refill prescription. ⋯ Long-term prescription opioid use increased modestly with initial opioid prescription duration for most but not all pain diagnoses examined.
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Preventive medicine · Feb 2024
Review Meta AnalysisAssociation of sedentary time with risk of cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
Given the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), we meta-analysed CVD relative risk (RR) in relation to high vs. low categories of self-reported and objectively assessed sedentary behaviours from cohort studies; in a sub-sample (n = 4 studies), the theoretical substitution of one hour spent sedentary with the same amount of time spent in light-intense physical activity was evaluated. Based on 19 studies (60,526 fatal and non-fatal CVD, 1,473,354 individuals and 13,559,139 persons-year) we estimated a 30% increased CVD risk for high vs. low categories of sedentary behaviour (RR = 1.29, confidence interval (CI) = 1.22;1.37). ⋯ Substituting one hour spent sedentary with physical activity of light intensity reduced the risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD events by one-fifth (RR =0.84, CI = 0.73;0.97). In meta-regression analysis, potential influential factors such as age, sex, and medical condition did not essentially alter the results.
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Preventive medicine · Feb 2024
Review Meta AnalysisThe effects of physical activity on pediatric eyes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Examining the retina represents a non-invasive method to evaluate abnormalities pertaining to the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Evidence indicates that physical activity is a non-pharmacological intervention to enhance the nervous and cardiovascular systems. However, little is unknown about its effects on ocular characteristics in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of physical activity interventions on ocular characteristics in children and adolescents. ⋯ Participating in chronic physical activity programs appear to impact children and adolescents' eye-related attributes positively.
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Preventive medicine · Feb 2024
Review Meta AnalysisThe estimated effect of increasing fruit interventions on controlling body weight in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis.
The impact of increased fruit consumption on weight change remains a matter of debate. ⋯ This meta-analysis provided evidence that interventions aimed at increasing fruit consumption were effective at reducing obesity prevalence.
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Preventive medicine · Feb 2024
Meta AnalysisPrediction models for children/adolescents with obesity/overweight: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
The incidence of obesity and overweight in children and adolescents is increasing worldwide and becomes a global health concern. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of available prediction models in early identification of obesity and overweight in general children or adolescents and identify predictive factors for the models, thus provide a reference for subsequent development of risk prediction tools for obesity and overweight in children or adolescents. Related publications were obtained from several databases such as PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from their inception to September 18th, 2022. ⋯ In conclusions, prediction models can be employed to predict obesity/overweight in children and adolescents. Most predictors are controllable factors and are associated with lifestyle. Therefore, the prediction model serves as an excellent tool to formulate effective strategies for combating obesity/overweight in pediatric patients.