Preventive medicine
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Preventive medicine · Aug 2024
Epidemiology of drug arrests in the United States: Evidence from the national survey on drug use and health, 2015-2019.
Following changes to drug criminalization policies, we re-examine the epidemiology of drug arrests among people who use drugs (PWUD) in the U.S. ⋯ Despite recent shifts away from punitive drug policies, we detected no reduction in drug arrests nationally and increasing prevalence in non-metro areas. Despite reporting the lowest level of illicit substance use and drug selling, NH Black individuals had significantly increased odds of arrest across years. Findings highlight the need for further examination of policy implementation and policing practices in different settings, with more research focused non-metro areas, to address enduring structural racism in drug enforcement and its consequences for health.
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Preventive medicine · Aug 2024
An atlas of causal association between micronutrients and osteoarthritis.
This study examines the causal relationships between serum micronutrients and site-specific osteoarthritis (OA) using Mendelian Randomization (MR). ⋯ These findings underscore the critical role of micronutrients in osteoarthritis, providing valuable insights for preventive care and potential enhancement of treatment outcomes.
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Preventive medicine · Aug 2024
ReviewEffectiveness of interventions to prevent or reverse pre-frailty and frailty in middle-aged community dwelling adults: A systematic review.
Frailty, marked by diminished physiological capacity and higher health risks, is less understood in middle-aged individuals (40-65 years) than older adults. This review synthesises intervention studies for pre-frailty and frailty in this demographic, assessing effectiveness, feasibility, and implementation factors including participant experience and cost-effectiveness. ⋯ This review reveals an evidence gap in middle-aged frailty interventions. Multicomponent interventions and resistance training showed promise, but their comparative effectiveness remains uncertain. Educational and low-intensity interventions need further research to establish their effectiveness. The findings diverge from those in older adults, emphasising the need for age-specific approaches. Future studies should employ higher-quality methods and explore emerging technologies to enhance intervention effectiveness for pre-frailty and frailty in middle-aged adults.
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Preventive medicine · Aug 2024
Life course weight transitions from birth to childhood to midlife and risk of cardiovascular diseases and its subtypes.
Evidence on weight transitions across life stages and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is limited. We aimed to explore weight transition patterns from birth to childhood to midlife and risk of incident CVDs. ⋯ Our findings highlight the importance of weight management throughout the life course in reducing the risk of CVDs, especially maintaining a heathy weight at midlife.
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Preventive medicine · Aug 2024
The relationship between neighbourhood built characteristics, physical activity, and health-related fitness in urban dwelling Canadian adults: A mediation analysis.
Physical activity supportive environments have the potential to promote health-related fitness in adults. However, the extent to which neighbourhood built characteristics promote health-related fitness via physical activity has received little research attention. Therefore, our objective was to estimate the indirect and direct effects between neighbourhood built characteristics and health-related fitness mediated by physical activity. ⋯ Individual Canadian Active Living Environment built characteristics are positively associated with moderate-intensity physical activity and negatively associated with light-intensity physical activity. Further, associations between activity friendly neighbourhood characteristics and health related-fitness may be distinct from physical activity.