The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice
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A key feature in the successful resuscitation of dehydrated or endotoxemic ruminants is the total amount of sodium administered. Administration of small volumes of HS and HSD offer major advantages over large volumes of isotonic saline because HS and HSD do not require intravenous catheterization or periodic monitoring, and are therefore suitable for use in the field. Hypertonic saline and HSD exert their beneficial effect by rapidly increasing preload and transiently decreasing afterload. ⋯ For treating dehydrated calves, HSD (2400 mOsm/L NaCl in 6% dextran-70, 4-5 mL/kg i.v. over 4-5 minutes) should be administered through the jugular vein and the calf allowed to suckle an isotonic oral electrolyte solution. This means that 120-200 mL of HSD of HSD should be administered to a calf. HSD should be routinely administered to severely depressed or comatose calves, as HSD provides the fastest method of resuscitation while rapidly reversing the effects of hyperkalemia.
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Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. · Nov 1999
ReviewClinical assessment of acid-base status. Strong ion difference theory.
The traditional approach to evaluating acid-base balance uses the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to categorize four primary acid-base disturbances: respiratory acidosis (increased PCO2), respiratory alkalosis (decreased PCO2), metabolic acidosis (decreased extracellular base excess), or metabolic alkalosis (increased extracellular base excess). The anion gap is calculated to detect the presence of unidentified anions in plasma. This approach works well clinically and is recommended for use whenever serum total protein, albumin, and phosphate concentrations are approximately normal; however, when their concentrations are markedly abnormal, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation frequently provides erroneous conclusions as to the cause of an acid-base disturbance. ⋯ The new approach should therefore be valuable in a clinical setting and in research studies investigating acid-base balance. The presence of unmeasured strong ions in plasma or serum (such as lactate, ketoacids, and uremic anions) is best detected by calculating the SIG. The AG, actual bicarbonate concentration, and standard bicarbonate concentration all ignore the effects that changes in plasma protein and phosphate concentration have on plasma pH, thereby inevitably leading to inaccuracies in estimating the unmeasured strong ion concentration in plasma.
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Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. · Nov 1999
ReviewTreatment of sodium balance disorders. Water intoxication and salt toxicity.
Electrolyte disorders are commonly identified in food animal medicine. Some of these electrolyte disturbances require that the veterinarian be aware of the potential for causing harm during routine fluid therapy. ⋯ During fluid resuscitation it is possible to cause iatrogenic central nervous system damage in these cases. It is important to recognize those cases where sodium imbalance may complicate routine therapy, understand the underlying mechanisms for osmolar changes in the plasma and brain, and know the appropriate steps to take for safe correction of the sodium disturbance.