The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice
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Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. · Mar 2015
ReviewClinical pharmacology of analgesic drugs in cattle.
Providing pain relief in cattle is challenging. In the absence of labeled drugs, the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act regulates the extralabel drug use of analgesics in cattle within the United States. ⋯ This article reviews the commonly used analgesics investigated in cattle including local anesthetics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, α2-agonists, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists, and gabapentin. These compounds are examined with respect to evidence of analgesia in cattle during pain states.
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The dysnatremias are defined as abnormalities in serum sodium concentration. Depending on the magnitude and duration of the sodium abnormality and the nature of any concurrent or primary disease, hypernatremia and hypernatremia may result in no consequences, subclinical impairment of health and productivity, or severe clinical disease. Dysnatremias can be the sequelae to diseases or environmental conditions that promote fluid gain or loss from the body, as well as medical interventions that add excessive amounts of sodium or water to the extracellular fluid. Extreme, sustained dysnatremia may result in central nervous system dysfunction and death.
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Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. · Jul 2014
ReviewAcid-base assessment: when and how to apply the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and strong ion difference theory.
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is probably the most famous equation in biology but is more descriptive than mechanistic. The traditional approach to acid-base assessment using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation provides a clinically useful and accurate method when plasma protein concentrations are within the reference range. The simplified strong ion approach is a mechanistic acid-base model that can provide new insight into complicated acid-base disturbances. The simplified strong ion approach should be used to evaluate acid-base balance whenever plasma protein concentrations are abnormal.
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Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. · Mar 2014
Traumatic conditions of the coxofemoral joint: luxation, femoral head-neck fracture, acetabular fracture.
Diagnosis and treatment of traumatic conditions of the hip joint in cattle remain a challenge for the veterinarian. This article is intended to give an overview of the most common orthopedic problems of the bovine coxofemoral joint, diagnostic procedures, and treatment options.
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Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. · Mar 2014
Use of the Thomas splint and cast combination, walker splint, and spica bandage with an over the shoulder splint for the treatment of fractures of the upper limbs in cattle.
Many tibial and radial-ulnar fractures in cattle and small ruminants may be treated successfully with Thomas splint and cast combinations (TSCC). The Walker splint has been specifically designed for treating tibial fractures and stifle injuries in cattle. It usually fits better in rear limbs of cattle than the TSCC and thus can provide more stability. Spica bandages combined with lateral splints placed over the dorsum of the affected limb and down the contralateral shoulder may be used for partial immobilization of humeral fractures in calves and small ruminants when surgical repair is not an option.